Creating Human Machine Interfaces Using Visual Basic Pdf
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Butler and colleagues described the early experience of one patient with blindness due to enucleation who used a similar approach to generate subject-specific phosphene maps of the early visual cortex in response to electrical stimulation [109]. The mapping was based on the activation of phosphenes in response to the stimulation of electrodes. The system was controlled using a mouse, a high-contrast video monitor and a mirror positioned in front of the patient. The brain imaging was performed using functional MRI. The mapping was generated for four days and was repeated weekly to monitor the response of the visual cortex to the stimulation. The patient reported that the phosphenes were similar to what he would have seen had he retained his eyes. In addition, the patient reported he could discriminate the edges of the grid and identify the features of the objects shown in the visual field.
The mapping generated in this study was based on the activation of phosphenes in response to the stimulation of electrodes. Although there are reports of non-invasive stimulation in the literature [110, 111], the mapping of non-invasively induced phosphenes is challenging. There are reports of some success in mapping of a small subset of the visual field such as the temporal visual cortex [112,113] using non-invasive stimulation. However, the mapping of the rest of the visual cortex is challenging due to the difficulty in localizing the phosphenes in the vicinity of the electrodes. An alternative approach is to stimulate the visual cortex and measure the subject's visual percepts and responses. However, the very nature of this approach requires the mapping of the visual area stimulated to be in close proximity to the electrodes, so that the responses to the phosphene can be measured. The electrical stimulation and MRI compatibility of this approach prevent the use of invasive techniques for stimulation and mapping.
The results reported by Butler and colleagues would be very challenging to translate into visual sensation in blind individuals. Given the limited coverage of the visual cortex, it may be difficult to generate a complete map of the visual cortex. The reported results can be considered as a proof-of-concept with limited and preliminary results. Nevertheless, it is quite encouraging that the mapping of the visual cortex can be repeated relatively easily. In addition, the approach is compatible with MRI and allows for long-term investigation.
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